แคลเซียมลิกโนซัลโฟเนต, Calcium Lignosulphonate, Calcium Lignosulfonate

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แคลเซียมลิกโนซัลโฟเนต, แคลเซียมลิกโน, Calcium Lignosulphonate, Calcium Lignosulfonate, Lignosulphonate, lignosulfonate, ลิกโนซัลโฟเนต, Calciumligno, Calciumlignosulphonate, Calciumlignosulfonate, ลิกโนซัลโฟเนท, ลิกโนซัลโฟเนธ

Calcium Lignosulphonate, แคลเซียมลิกโนซัลโฟเนต, แคลเซียมลิกโนซัลโฟเนท

LIGNOTECH, BORRESPERSE

Lignosulfonates, or sulfonated

lignin, (CAS number 8062-15-5) are water-soluble anionic polyelectrolyte

polymers: they are byproducts from the production of wood pulp using sulfite

pulping.

Most delignification in sulfite

pulping involves acidic cleavage of ether bonds, which connect many of the

constituents of lignin

Uses

Lignosulfonates have a wide

variety of applications.

The single largest use for

lignosulfonates is as plasticizers in making concrete,[1] where they allow

concrete to be made with less water (giving stronger concrete) while

maintaining the ability of the concrete to flow. Lignosulfonates are also used

during the production of cement, where they act as grinding aids in the cement

mill and as a rawmix slurry deflocculant (that reduces the viscosity of the

slurry).

Lignosulfonates are also used for

the production of plasterboard to reduce the amount of water required to make

the stucco flow and form the layer between two sheets of paper. The reduction

in water content allows lower kiln temperatures to dry the plasterboard, saving

energy.

The ability of lignosulfonates to

reduce the viscosity of mineral slurries is used to advantage in oil drilling

mud, where it replaced tannic acids from quebracho (a tropical tree).

Lignosulfonates are used to

disperse pesticides, dyes, carbon black,[6] and other insoluble solids and

liquids into water. They are used in tanning leather. They are also used to suppress

dust on unpaved roads.

Oxidation of lignosulfonates from

softwood trees produced vanillin (artificial vanilla flavor).

Dimethyl sulfide and dimethyl

sulfoxide (an important organic solvent) are produced from lignosulfonates. The

first step involves heating lignosulfonates with sulfides or elemental sulfur

to produce dimethyl sulfide. The methyl groups come from methyl ethers present

in the lignin. Oxidation of dimethyl sulfide with nitrogen dioxide produces dimethyl

sulfoxide (DMSO).

Also one of the very wide uses of

lignosulfonates is deflocculation of clays used in drilling fluids in the oil

and gas industry.

Calcium Lignosulphonate,

Dispersant for wettable powders, dry flowables and extruded water dispersible

granules. Binder for granules and seed coatings

Description:

Calcium Lignosulphonate is a

anionic surfactant. It is a water-reducing agent in concrete construction,and

an excellent adhesive in refinery application.

Main application:

1 water-reducing agent

a. prefabricated or fresh concrete

construction.

b. preparation of antifreezing,

pump-deliverable water reducing agent.

c. preparation of different type

of water reducing agent.

2 adhesive

a. It is used as mineral powder

adhesive to improve recovery rate in refinery process.

b. It is an excellent adhesive for

fireproof products. It can improve the products' strength and prevent cracks.

c. It reduces the viscosity of

clay and improves the product yields in the ceramic fabrication.

d. If is added with phenol type

additives in electrolysis, purer precipitates is formed.

The Panel on Food Additives and

Nutrient Sources added to Food provides a scientific opinion on the safety of

calcium lignosulphonate (40-65) when used as a carrier for vitamins and

carotenoids intended to be added to foods for colouring and nutrient purposes.

Calcium lignosulphonate (40-65) has been evaluated by JECFA and an ADI of 20

mg/kg bw/day was established. Calcium lignosulphonate (40-65) is poorly

absorbed following oral administration. From the results obtained in vitro from

one bacterial reverse mutation assay and one mammalian chromosomal aberration

assay it can be concluded that there is no indication for a genotoxic potential

of calcium lignosulphonate (40-65). In a short-term 28-day toxicity study, a

NOAEL of 1500 mg/kg bw/day was identified for calcium lignosulphonate (40-65)

based on minimal focal/multifocal chronic inflammation in the rectum of male

rats. In a 90-day subchronic toxicity study the petitioner identified a NOAEL

of 2000 mg/kg bw/day for calcium lignosulphonate (40-65), the highest dose

tested. The Panel, however, considered this study inadequate for evaluating the

safety of calcium lignosulphonate (40-65) due to the high incidence of lymphoid

hyperplasia and lymphoid infiltration in the mandibular and mesenteric lymph

nodes, in the Peyer?s patches and in the liver in all animals, including

controls. Therefore, the Panel considers that available data on calcium

lignosulphonate (40-65) are insufficient to establish an ADI. Furthermore, the

Panel considers that long-term toxicity studies are needed to elucidate whether

the histiocytosis in the mesenteric lymph nodes of the rats observed in the

inadequate 90-day toxicity study may progress into a more adverse state with

time. Overall, based on the available information, the Panel concludes that the

safety of use of calcium lignosulphonate (40-65), as a carrier for vitamins and

carotenoids intended to be added to foods for colouring and nutrient purposes,

cannot be assessed.

? European Food Safety Authority,

2010

Summary

Following a request from the

European Commission, the Panel on Food Additives and Nutrient Sources added to

Food (ANS) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the safety of calcium

lignosulphonate (40-65) when used as a carrier for vitamins and carotenoids

intended to be added to foods for colouring and nutrient purposes.  According to the petitioner, the proposed

name of calcium lignosulphonate (40-65) distinguishes the product from other

available calcium lignosulphonates presenting lower degrees of lignin

polymerisation and higher content of sugars. Lignosulphonates are used in a

variety of food manufacturing applications including dispensing, binding,

complexing and emulsifying. Calcium lignosulphonate (40-65) is an amorphous

yellow-brown to brown polymer derived from lignin, not having a well defined

structural or molecular formula, with an average molecular weight between 40000

and 65000 g/mol. In vitro and in vivo assays have shown that calcium

lignosulphonate (40-65) is poorly absorbed by the oral route.

Calcium lignosulphonate (40-65)

has been tested in in vitro genotoxicity, short-term, subchronic and

developmental toxicity studies in accordance with recognised guidelines. No

long-term or carcinogenicity studies were conducted with calcium

lignosulphonate (40-65).

From the results obtained in vitro

from one bacterial reverse mutation assay and one mammalian chromosomal

aberration assay it can be concluded that there is no indication for a

genotoxic potentialof calcium lignosulphonate (40-65). The Panel noted that a

test for induction of gene mutations in mammalian cells in vitro, as

recommended by the Guidance on submissions for food additive evaluations (SCF,

2001), has not been performed. The petitioner considered that such an assay was

unnecessary since, given its high molecular weight, calcium lignosulphonate

(40-65) is unlikely to enter the cells. The Panel agreed with this argument. In

a short-term 28-day toxicity study a No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL)

of 1500 mg/kg bw/day was identified for calcium lignosulphonate (40-65) based

on minimal focal/multifocal chronic inflammation in the rectum of male rats. In

a 90-day subchronic toxicity study, the petitioner identified a NOAEL of 2000

mg/kg bw/day for calcium lignosulphonate (40-65), the highest dose tested. The

Panel, however, considers this study inadequate for evaluating the safety of

calcium lignosulphonate (40-65) due to the high incidence of lymphoid

hyperplasia and lymphoid infiltration in the mandibular and mesenteric lymph

nodes, in the Peyer?s patches and in the liver in all animals, including

controls.

In a developmental toxicity study

(21 days) in the rat, no treatment-related effects in dams or fetuses were

reported up to the highest dose tested and a NOAEL of 1000 mg/kg bw/day can be

identified for calcium lignosulphonate (40-65) from this study.

Exposure estimates were based on

the reported European high percentile intakes of vitamins from food and

Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (ULs) of vitamins for children and adults, and on

the percentage of calcium lignosulphonate (40-65) proposed by the petitioner to

be used as a carrier. The maximum intake of calcium lignosulphonate (40-65)

resulting from its use as a carrier for vitamin A cannot be estimated for

children under 10 years old and adults, as the food intake of this vitamin is

higher than the UL. The maximum intake of calcium lignosulphonate (40-65)

resulting from its use as a carrier for vitamin A varies between approximately

500 and 3700 ?g/day for children aged 11-17 years. The maximum intake of

calcium lignosulphonate (40-65) resulting from its use as a carrier for vitamin

D ranges from approximately 2100 to 8000 ?g/day for children under 18 years old

and it is approximately 6500 ?g/day for adults. The maximum intake of calcium

lignosulphonate (40-65) resulting from its use as a carrier for vitamin E

ranges from 88.8 to 224.3 mg/day for children under 18 years old and is 264

mg/day for adults. The maximum intake of calcium lignosulphonate (40-65)

resulting from its use as a carrier for vitamin K is less than 200 mg/day.

The maximum intake of calcium

lignosulphonate (40-65) resulting from its use as a carrier for multivitamins

(vitamins A, D, E and K) ranges from 366.9 to 410.4 mg/day for children aged 11

to 17 years, ranges from 278.7 to 318.7 mg/day for children aged 3-10 years, is

265.3 mg/day for children under 3 years old, and is 439.3 mg/day for adults.

Exposure estimates of calcium

lignosulphonate (40-65), resulting from its use as carrier for carotenoids as

proposed by the petitioner, were based on the estimated intake of carotenoids

from natural sources, food additives and food supplements. The estimated

intakes of calcium lignosulphonate (40-65), resulting from its use as a

carrier, ranges from less than 10 to over 100 mg/day for b-carotene and

zeaxanthin, from less than 10 to 95 mg/day for lutein and from less than 10 to

125 mg/day for lycopene. No estimates have been made for intake of calcium

lignosulphonate (40-65) resulting from its use as a carrier for canthaxanthin

(food colour limited to saucisses de Strasbourg) and b-apo-8?carotenal (no

intake data available and no uses as food supplement) as their intakes are

likely to be low. The Panel cannot provide a more refined exposure assessment

for calcium lignosulphonate (40-65) resulting from its use as carrier for these

colours since these colours are still under evaluation in Europe and their

intakes have not yet been evaluated.

 The Panel considers that the available data on

calcium lignosulphonate (40-65) were insufficient to establish an ADI.The Panel

further considers that the 90-day study with a 4-week recovery period is

inadequate for the evaluation of the safety of calcium lignosulphonate (40-65).

Therefore, the Panel considers that long-term toxicity studies are needed to

elucidate whether the histiocytosis in the mesenteric lymph nodes of the rats

observed in the inadequate 90-day toxicity study may progress into a more

adverse state with time.

Overall, based on the available

information, the Panel concludes that the safety of use of calcium

lignosulphonate (40-65), as a carrier for vitamins and carotenoids intended to

be added to foods for colouring and nutrient purposes, cannot be assessed.

Keywords

Calcium lignosulphonate (40-65),

CAS No. 8061-52-7, lignosulphonic acid calcium salt, calcium lignosulphate,

lignin calcium sulphonate, carrier, vitamins and carotenoids

 

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