Glycolic acid, ไกลโคลิกแอซิด, กรดไกลโคลิก

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Glycolic acid, ไกลโคลิกแอซิด, กรดไกลโคลิก

Glycolic acid (or hydroxyacetic acid) is the smallest ?-hydroxy acid (AHA). This colorless,

odorless, and hygroscopic crystalline solid is highly soluble in water. It is

used in various skin-care products. Glycolic acid is found in some sugar-crops.

Preparation, there are multiple routes of synthesis of glycolic acid that are

practiced today. The majority of the world's supply of glycolic acid is made in

a catalyzed reaction of formaldehyde with synthesis gas (carbonylation of

formaldehyde) is a particularly economical preparative route. It is also

prepared by the reaction of chloroacetic acid with sodium hydroxide followed by

re-acidification. The net reaction can be summarized as follows:  ClCH2COOH + NaOH ? HOCH2COOH + NaCl  In this way,

a few million kilograms are produced annually. Other methods, not apparently in

use, include hydrogenation of oxalic acid with nascent hydrogen and the

hydrolysis of the cyanohydrin derived from formaldehyde. Some of today's

glycolic acids are formic acid free. Glycolic acid can be isolated from natural

sources, such as sugarcane, sugar beets, pineapple, cantaloupe, and unripe

grapes. Glycolic acid can also be prepared using an enzymatic biochemical

process which produces fewer impurities compared to traditional chemical

synthesis, requires less energy in production and produces less co-product. Each route can be evaluated for its relative costs and benefits.

Uses

Glycolic acid is used in the textile industry as a dyeing and tanning agent, in food processing as a flavoring agent and as a preservative,

and in the pharmaceutical industry as a skin care agent. It is also used in

adhesives and plastics. Glycolic acid is often included

into emulsion polymers, solvents and additives for ink and paint in order to

improve flow properties and impart gloss. Due to its excellent capability to

penetrate skin, glycolic acid finds applications in skin care products, most

often as a chemical peel performed by a dermatologist, plastic surgeon or

licensed aesthetician in concentrations of 20 to 70% or at-home kits in lower concentrations between 10 and 20%. In addition to concentration,

pH also plays a large part in determining the potency of glycolic acid in

solution. Physician-strength peels can have a pH as low as 0.6 (strong

enough to completely keratolyze the epidermis), while acidities for home peels

can be as high as 2.5. Glycolic acid is used to improve

the skin's appearance and texture. It may reduce wrinkles, acne scarring,

hyperpigmentation and improve many other skin conditions, including actinic

keratosis, hyperkeratosis, and seborrheic keratosis. Once applied, glycolic

acid reacts with the upper layer of the epidermis, weakening the binding

properties of the lipids that hold the dead skin cells together. This allows

the stratum corneum to be exfoliated, exposing live skin cells. Highly purified

grades of glycolic acid are commercially available for personal care

applications. Glycolic acid is also a useful intermediate for organic

synthesis, in a range of reactions including: oxidation-reduction,

esterification and long chain polymerization. It is used as a monomer in the

preparation of polyglycolic acid and other biocompatible copolymers (e.g.

PLGA). From the commercial perspective, important derivatives include the

methyl (CAS#[96-35-5) and ethyl (CAS# 623-50-7) esters which are readily distillable (b.p. 147-9 and 158?159 ?C, respectively), unlike the parent acid. The butyl ester (b.p. 178?186 ?C)

is a component of some varnishes, being desirable because it is nonvolatile and

good dissolving properties.

Glycolic Acid

Taking

good care of your skin is not only about eating right and living a healthy

life, but putting the right products on your skin that are going to keep it

young and healthy looking. For many, that means using glycolic acid. What is

glycolic acid? Glycolic acid is part of the alpha hydroxy family of natural

ingredients. Glycolic acid is used for acne treatments as well as anti-aging

treatments. Glycolic acid is derived from sugar cane and is essentially a fruit

acid. It is applied to the skin and can be found in concentrations that range

from very low (such as 3%) up to much higher concentrations used by

dermatologists for in-office treatments.

Because

glycolic acid is derived from sugar cane, it is considered a natural product

and falls under the same classification as citric acid from citrus fruits like

lemons and oranges. People can use glycolic acid products for a variety of

reasons relating to anti-aging  to reduce

the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles and to make the skin look smoother,

tighter and younger looking overall. It is also used as an acne treatment.

Uses

for Glycolic acid. Let?s look further at how glycolic acid is used. If you are

worrying about aging skin, someone might recommend that you use a glycolic acid

treatment product to refresh and refine the skin.

As

you get older, your skin has a harder time turning over new skin cells,

particularly on the face. The regeneration still happens, but at much slower

pace than when you are younger. Glycolic acid works as an exfoliant. Because  highly acidic but is also highly soluble, it

goes under the damaged areas of the skin and essentially. off the top layer of

skin. When washed off, it leaves behind smoother skin that is also more

youthful looking. Glycolic acid is also found in many acne treatments. By

removing that top layer of skin, the newer (healthier) skin below the acne

layer can be revealed, resulting in less oily and acne-prone skin.

The

level of acidity is determined by the product used. If you have the procedure

done at a dermatologist???s office, it could have as much as 50% or more

concentration of glycolic acid, while many over the counter products that

contain glycolic acid along with other ingredients might only have a very low

concentration. Glycolic acid can be found in over-the-counter facial cleansers

and treatment creams and in chemical peels applied by dermatologists.

Precautions.

While glycolic acid is a safe product and is generally without side effects,

there are some precautions to be aware of. If you have very sensitive skin, be

careful when using products that contain glycolic acid. This product can be

harsh to people with very sensitive skin. If you find that your skin is

irritated or red, or is burning after using a glycolic acid product, you might

consider discussing the issue with a dermatologist and also trying a product

with a lower concentration of glycolic acid. Using a lower concentration often

takes care of any sensitivity problems. If you use a glycolic acid cleanser on

your skin everyday, make sure you also wear a good sunscreen. It?s believed

that glycolic acid can make the skin more sensitive to the sun. This is

particularly true if you are already sensitive to the skin (you are very fair

skinned, for example).

 

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